1648

Introduction

1648 is a nine-player Diplomacy variant set in Europe following the Peace of Westphalia, the first adjucated season being Spring 1649.

1648 uses the armed neutrals & Diplomatic Points (DPs) mechanism pioneered by Ambition & Empire, a variant designed by Jeff Kase and Baron Powell. Players secretly bid DPs in an effort to influence the actions of minor powers.

Rules

All the rules of standard Diplomacy apply save those noted below:

Great Powers

Initial Setup

Austria: 		A Prague, F Trieste, A Vienna.
Denmark-Norway: 	F Christiania, F Copenhagen, A Holstein.
England: 		F Bristol, F London.
France: 		F Brest, A Marseille, A Paris.
Ottoman Empire: 	A Belgrade, F Constantinople, A Damascus. 
Poland-Lithuania: 	A Cracow, A Vilna, A Warsaw.
Russia (Muscovy): 	A Moscow, A Novgorod, A Voronezh.
Spain: 	        A Flanders, A Madrid, F Naples, F Seville.
Sweden:	        A Abo, A Riga, A Stettin, F Stockholm (East Coast). 

Home Supply Centers (HSCs)

Note the additional HSCs (underlined below) on top of those controlled at the start of the game and Flanders not being considered a Spanish HSC.

Austria: 	      Prague, Trieste, Vienna.
Denmark-Norway:      Christiania, Copenhagen, Holstein.
England: 	      Bristol, London, Ireland, Scotland.
France: 	      Brest, Marseille, Paris, Lorraine.
Ottoman Empire:      Belgrade, Constantinople, Damascus. 
Poland-Lithuania:    Cracow, Vilna, Warsaw, Courland, Moldavia, Prussia.
Russia (Muscovy):    Moscow, Novgorod, Voronezh, Crimea.
Spain: 	      Madrid, Naples, Seville. 
Sweden:              Abo, Riga, Stettin, Stockholm.

Holy Roman Empire (of the German Nation)

The Holy Roman Emperor may build in any SC within the Holy Roman Empire (HRE) he controls. Following SCs belong to the HRE (hereafter HRESCs):

• Bavaria
• Brandenburg
• Flanders
• Holstein
• Lorraine
• Lower Saxony
• Mecklenburg
• Prague
• Rhineland-Westphalia
• Stettin
• Saxony
• Swabia
• Trieste
• Vienna

The Great Power owning the most HRESCs is considered the Holy Roman Emperor and en-joys the described building privileges. The title only is transferred whenever one single Great Power other than the present office-holder (initially Austria) has the most HRESCs.

Minor Powers

In addition to the nine Great Powers, there is also a host of "minor powers", which are non-player neutral Supply Centres (SCs) representing the smaller states of Europe, North Africa and the Near East. These include (space names in bold) the following:

• The Regency of Algiers (an autonomous province of the Ottoman Empire) • The Electorate of Bavaria • The Electorate of Brandenburg • The Venetian Colony of Candia • The Duchy of Courland (an autonomous fiefdom of Poland-Lithuania) • Rhineland-Westphalia (representing various territories belonging to the Lower-Rhenish, Electoral Rhenish and Lower Saxonian imperial circles) • The Khanate of Crimea (a vassal state of the Ottoman Empire that includes the lands of the Crimean and Nagay Tatars) • The Kingdom of Ireland • The Duchy of Lorraine • Lower Saxony (representing various territories belonging to the Lower Saxonian and Lower Rhenish-Westphalian imperial circles) • Mecklenburg (representing the Duchies of Mecklenburg) • The Principality of Moldavia (a vassal state of the Ottoman Empire) • The Sultanate of Morocco • The Papal States • Persia (the Persian Empire) • The Kingdom of Portugal • The Duchy of Prussia (an autonomous fiefdom of Poland-Lithuania) • The Duchy of Savoy • The Kingdom of Scotland • Swabia (representing various territories belonging to the Swabian, Franconian and Upper Rhenish imperial circles) • The Swiss Confederation (Switzerland) • The Principality of Transylvania • The Regency of Tunis (an autonomous province of the Ottoman Empire) • Turkestan • The Grand Duchy of Tuscany • The United Provinces of the Netherlands • The Republic of Venice • The Cossack Hetmanate of the Ukraine • The Principality of Wallachia (a vassal state of the Ottoman Empire) Each minor power, although a "non-player," starts with a unit (unit color is black). All minor powers start with an army except for the following minors that start with a fleet: Algiers, Candia, Courland, Portugal, Tunis, the United Provinces and Venice.

Minor power units prevent a Great Power from simply moving into an empty space and gain-ing control of the SC. To occupy a minor power SC, a Great Power will need to move in with support. A minor power unit that is forced to retreat is disbanded. If a Great Power does not occupy the minor power SC at the end of a Fall turn, the minor power’s unit is automatically rebuilt in the Winter.

As in standard Diplomacy, a Great Power controls a minor power SC when one of its units occupies the space after a Fall turn has been played and completed. Once a Great Power gains control of a minor power SC, it can leave the SC vacant and still keep control of it as long as that SC is not occupied by another Great Power at the close of a Fall turn.

Minor power units do nothing but hold in place, unless the unit has been ordered by a Great Power using its Diplomacy Points.

Diplomatic Points

At the start of the Spring and Fall turns, each Great Power receives one Diplomacy Point (DP) for each SC it controls, up to a maximum of three DPs per turn. During each Spring and Fall turn, each Great Power may allocate none, some, or all of its DPs to minor powers that still have units on the map, though no more than two of its DPs may be allocated to a particu-lar minor power. (Design Note: This is a departure from the Ambition & Empire rules.)

For each DP allocated, the allocating Great Power submits an order for that particular minor power’s unit. A Great Power may only order a minor power to hold or support. A minor power can not be ordered to move/attack.

Unused DPs may not be carried over into the next turn. They are simply lost.

Players are not required to tell each other how they allocated their DPs. Just as with negotia-tions, players may honour their agreements with other players or not, as they see fit. Only the GM will know how Great Powers have allocated their DPs. DP allocation is not published in the adjudication; only the end results are published.

The GM determines how DPs have been allocated. In the event of a conflict, an order for a particular minor power’s unit is followed if it is supported by more DPs than any conflicting order. See the following examples:

Example: In Spring 1649, Austria allocates one DP to Swabia to get it to support an Austrian attack on Bavaria. France allocates one DP to Swabia to get it to support a French attack on Lorraine. In support of Austria, Spain allocates one DP to Swabia to get it to support the Austrian attack on Bavaria. Although Austria, France and Spain each allocated one DP to Swabia, the Austrians get the Swabian support because the Spaniards supported the Austrian diplomatic efforts with the Swabians.

If, during a Spring or Fall turn, a Great Power allocates more DPs to minor powers than it is entitled to or exceeds the limit of allocating two of its DPs to one particular minor power, all of that Great Power’s DPs are forfeited for that particular turn.

Civil Disorder

If a player is lost during the game, the GM is strongly encouraged to find a replacement player for the affected Great Power rather than have it lapse into civil disorder. In the event no replacement player is found and the GM declares the Great Power to be in permanent civil disorder, the following rules apply:

• All units of the Great Power in civil disorder (GPCD) are immediately disbanded. • All SCs controlled by the GPCD that are unoccupied are immediately considered newly independent minor powers. Minor power army units are built in those minor power spaces. • All SCs controlled by the GPCD that are occupied by a unit belonging to another Great Power are unaffected. If the occupying Great Power moves its unit out of the GPCD’s SC so that the SC is unoccupied at the conclusion of a Fall turn, a minor power army unit is built there and that SC is considered a newly independent minor power. • For the remainder of the game, all newly independent minor powers are subject to the provisions of regarding minor powers. In particular, this means the new minor power can be influenced using Diplomacy Points (see 2.3 Diplomacy Points). • Once a Great Power is declared to be in permanent civil disorder, it may not be played by an active player again.

Victory Conditions

As soon as one Great Power controls 18 SCs, the game ends immediately and the player rep-resenting that Great Power is the winner.

If two Great Powers each gain control of 18 or more SCs at the same time, the player repre-senting the Great Power with the most SCs is considered the winner. If the two Great Powers each control the same number of SCs, the game continues until one player has 18 or more SCs and that player has more SCs than any other player.

Players may terminate the game by mutual agreement before a winner is determined. If this occurs, any decision reached by the players (e.g., concede game to one player, concede game to an alliance) must be accepted unanimously. If the players cannot agree, all players who still have pieces on the board when the game ends share equally in a draw.

Map Clarifications

• Ingria is a canal province (much as Copenhagen), thus allowing fleets to move be-tween Novgorod (South Coast) and Ingria itself. The River Neva is shown on the map to indicate this. • Red arrows indicate that two spaces are adjacent to another, allowing any units to op-erate across it.

Space Names and Abbreviations

All spaces on the 1648 map, along with their abbreviations, are listed below. SCs are anno-tated with an asterisk (*).

Abo*				Abo
Algiers*			Alg
Aragon			        Ara
Armenia			        Arm
Astrakhan			Ast
Azerbaijan			Aze
Bavaria*			Bav
Belgrade*			Bel
Bohuslan			Boh
Brandenburg*			Bra
Brest*				Bre
Bristol*			Bri
Bulgaria			Bul
Candia*			        Can
Christiania*			Chr
Constantinople*		        Con
Copenhagen*			Cop
Courland*			Cou
Croatia				Cro
Cracow*			        Cra
Crimea*			        Cri
Dalmatia			Dal
Damascus*			Dam
Dauphiné			Dau
Devon				Dev
Egypt				Egy
Flanders*			Fla
Gascony			        Gas
Greater Poland		        GPo
Hesse				Hes
Holstein*			Hol
Hungary			        Hun
Iceland				Ice
Illyria				Ill
Ingria				Ing
Ireland*			Ire
Karelia				Kar
Lapland			        Lap
Leon				Leo
Lombady			        Lom
Lorraine*			Lor
London*			        Lon
Lower Saxony*		        LSa
Madrid*			        Mad
Marseille*			Mar
Mecklenburg*			Mec
Mesopotamia			Mes
Moldavia*			Mol
Morocco*			Mor
Moscow*			        Mos
Naples*			        Nap
Normandy			Nor
Northern Norway		        NNo
Novgorod*			Nov
Papal States			Pap
Paris*				Par
Permia				Prm
Persia*				Per
Podolia			        Pod
Polotsk			        Pol
Portugal*			Por
Prague*			        Pra
Prussia*			Pru
Pskov				Psk
Rhineland-Westphalia*	        RWe
Riga*				Rig
Samogitia			Sam
Sardinia			Sar
Savoy*			        Sav
Saxony*			        Sax
Scania				Sca
Scotland*			Sco
Severia			        Svr
Seville*			Sev
Siberia				Sib
Silesia				Sil
Slovakia			Slo
Smolensk			Smo
Stettin*			Ste
Stockholm*			Sto
Swabia*			        Swa 
Switzerland*			Swi
Tekke				Tek
Transylvania*			Tra
Trieste*			Tri
Tunis*				Tun
Turkestan*			Tur
Tuscany*			Tus
Tyrolia				Tyr
Ukraine*			Ukr
United Provinces*		UPr
Venice*			        Ven
Vienna*			        Vie
Vilna*				Vil
Volhynia			Vol
Voronezh*			Vor
Wallachia*			Wal
Warsaw*			        War
White Ruthenia		        WRu
Yorkshire			Yor

Adriatic Sea			ADR
Aegean Sea			AEG
Arctic Ocean			AOC
Baltic Sea			BAL
Bay of Lübeck		        BOL
Black Sea			BLA
Caspian Sea			CAS
Eastern Mediterranean	        EAS
English Channel		        ENG
Gulf of Bothnia		        GOB
Gulf of Lion			GOL
Helgoland Bight		        HEL
Ionian Sea			ION
Irish Sea			IRI
Mid-Atlantic Ocean		MAO
North Atlantic Ocean		NAO
North Sea			NTH
Norwegian Sea		        NRG
Skaggerak			SKA
Tyrrhenian Sea		        TYS
Western Mediterranean	        WES