Europe 1615: Prelude to War

A Diplomacy variant by Matthew Medeiros

Early in the 17th century, Europe was embroiled in a political and religious war that historians have called the Thirty Years War, a war that culminated in a large number of casualties from battle, hunger, and disease. It has been described as a clash between the Protestant factions of Germany and the Austrian and German Catholics, yet from another perspective it has been viewed as the continuation of an age-old struggle of dominance between the kings of France, the princes of Germany, and the Habsburgs of Austria.

The Europe 1615 Diplomacy variant allows players to take the reigns of one of the great powers of the time most closely involved with the Thirty Years War which commenced in 1618: Austria, France, Spain, England, and Denmark/Sweden. For the purposes of this game, Denmark and Sweden are treated as in a permanent alliance and controlled by one player. The game begins in 1615, one year following the Treaty of Xanten. The interaction of these great powers with each other and with the minor German and Italian states, vassal states of the Ottoman Empire, and other minor states will define the course of the game. The variant adapts rules from Payola, and a distant game of diplomacy called Origins of World War 1 (and 2). Game is played on two levels: military and political. At the beginning of each year, players deploy influence factors (INFs) and initiate diplomatic attacks to secure religious and political control over the minor states. This can impact the military and economic affairs of the game, and victory points are assessed on both levels giving several possible paths to victory for each player.

As military operations of the time were characterized by the use of mercenary soldiers, the adaptation of Payola rules seemed suitable. Players will submit bribes to govern their own units, but restrictions are applied when bribes are submitted for foreign units. To round out the mechanics of this variant, the use of variable-valued supply centers is also incorporated to establish a degree of economic and strategic importance for the various regions on the board, use of ports to limit the activities of the fleets, and rules to take into account the situation of the Protestant-versus-Catholic conflict from the religious and political influence on the minor states. Victory is measure by the gain and loss of victory points (VPs) through various facets of the game (military and political objectives). Game runs for a time limit of 6 game years, with each game year defined by a politics phase, 3 movement/retreat phases, and a build phase.

2 PHASES OF THE GAME YEAR Each game year is divided in to the following 6 phases:

1- Political and Religious Influence Phase 2- Taxation/Revenue Phase and Submission of Acceptance/Reference Lists 3- Spring Movement and Retreat Phase 4- Summer Movement and Retreat Phase 5- Fall Movement and Retreat Phase 6- Winter Ownership/Build/Adjustment Phase

3 POLITICAL AND RELIGIOUS INFLUENCE PHASE

At the start of the game, year 1615, each power begins with a number of influence factors (INF) as follows: England = 18, Denmark/Sweden = 15, Austria = 28, Spain = 9, France = 11. For subsequent years, the powers receive the INFs based on the table below, where 3 points are deducted for each supply center lost or 3 points are added for each supply center gained beyond home centers.

Table of INF Allocation per Year

YEAR SPAIN FRANCE ENGLAND DENMARK AUSTRIA

1615 9 11 18 15 28 1616 13 15 22 19 35 1617 17 19 26 23 42 1618 21 23 30 27 49 1619 25 27 34 31 56 1620 29 31 38 35 63

Each player then establishes influence over the minor states by distributing some or all the INFs. Any unused INFs are placed in the power’s home box for later use. A power can place any amount. Additionally, a power may place INFs in another power’s home box (purpose is explained below). Points accumulate each year and change with the results of the “diplomatic attacks” (as discussed below). A listing of the minor states that may be influenced is given in the table below. The Barbary States (FEZ, ALG, TUN) are not part of this list and cannot be influenced.

Table of Pliant Minor States

Minor State Abbreviation

Baden-Wurttenburg-Swabia WUR Bavaria BAV Bosnia BOS Brandenburg BRA Danzig DAN Hesse HES Ireland IRE Lorraine LOR Luneburg LUN Mecklenburg MEC Posen POS Prussia PRU Rhineland-Palatinate RHI Savoy SAV Saxony SAX Switzerland SWI Transylvania TRA Tuscany TUS United Netherlands UNI Venice VEN Westphalia WES

The GM then publishes the distribution of INFs. Once the players have had a chance to review and negotiate over the publication, players may choose to perform a “diplomatic attack”. Each player may choose to conduct a diplomatic attack only once per phase against INFs of another power in one minor state. The player chooses a state where he/she has invested INFs, and then directs an attack against any other player’s INFs also present in that state (one attack against another power, if the player chooses). Additionally, if 5 or more INFs of one power have been placed in another’s home box, the power has earned diplomatic immunity. With diplomatic immunity, a power is protected from diplomatic attacks from the power where INFs have been placed. To negate the effect of diplomatic immunity, the affected power must eliminate or reduce the number of INFs of the opposing power to less than 5 with diplomatic attacks. The decisions of the players are then communicated to the GM. Each player submits an order to perform a diplomatic attack, which indicates the name of minor state and the target of the attack. The national order of attacks is as follows: Spain, France, England, Denmark/Sweden, and Austria. GM consults the Diplomatic Attack Table shown below, to determine outcome of the attacks. Additionally, the French player must submit an alternative order if the first ordered attack is unable to be performed due to lost INFs from a Spanish attack. The English player must submit 2 alternative orders for the same reason. Denmark must submit 3 alternative orders, and Austria must submit 4. Since Spain goes first in the national order of the diplomatic attacks, there is no need for Spain to submit alternate orders.

Diplomatic Attack Table

Ratio of attacker's INFs to the defender's INFs 3D6 less than 1-to-1 1-to-1 2-to-1 3-to-1 4-to-1 5-to-1 or more

3-6 AE AE AE EX EX DE 7-10 AE AE EX EX DE DE 11-14 AE EX EX DE DE DE 15-18 EX EX DE DE DE DE

AE= attacker eliminated (all attacker's INFs removed) EX= power with lesser INFs removed; power with larger INFs loses equal amount DE= defender eliminated (all defender's INFs removed)

Diplomatic attacks are determined by a random throw of 3 six-sided dice. If players are uncomfortable with accepting the GM’s account of “unseen” dice rolls, players and GM may utilize stock market prices for a given day as a means of generating random numbers. Note: In the case where the ratio of INFs of the attacker to the defender is equal to or greater than 5-to-1, then no roll is performed, and defending INFs are removed.

How The Minor States Are Marked After The Diplomatic Attack Phase

At the end of the diplomatic attack phase the following is considered:

Political status of the minor state is SEGREGATED if no INFs are present, or less than 5. (For a lack of a better word, a minor state that is marked as SEGREGATED is considered to be detached from European politics.)

Political status of the minor state is NEUTRAL if no single major power holds 2/3 or more of the total INFs present in the minor state. (As a NEUTRAL minor state, it recognizes the current political situation of Europe, has engaged in diplomatic discussions, and has adopted a neutral position based on the composition of the government.)

Political status of the minor state is ALIGNED if a single major power holds 2/3 or more of the total INFs present in the minor state, and has invested minimally 5 INFs, and, only if the major power can garner VPs for having the 2/3 majority (VP bonus is indicated in the Political and Religious Objectives Table and VP Awards). (Minor states marked as ALIGNED are essentially in allegiance with the major power holding the most influence as specified above.)

How The Minor States Are Marked With Regard To Religious Influence

The combined INFs remaining for England and Sweden/Denmark represent the political influence of the Protestant factions in the province. The combined INFs of Austria, France and Spain represent the political influence of the Catholic factions in the province. Control of a province by either the Protestants or Catholics is determined by the following:

Religious status of the minor state is UNAFFECTED if no INFs are present, or less than 10. (A minor state marked as UNAFFECTED has no religious preference or influence.)

Religious status of the minor state is DUALITY if no single religious faction holds 2/3 or more of the total INFs present in the minor state. (DUALITY would suggest that the government and populace are composed of both Protestant and Catholic members. The minor state is not swayed in any particular direction.)

Religious status of the minor state is CONTROLLED if a single religious faction holds 2/3 or more of the total INFs present in the minor state, and a minimum of 10 INFs are present for that faction. (CONTROLLED refers to nearly exclusive dominance of one religion in the government and populace.)

Benefits and Penalties of Political and Religious Status of the Minor States

If the political status is ALIGNED, the major power that holds the 2/3-or-more majority of INFs in the state is afforded the benefit of collecting 1/3 of the supply points provided by the minor state, only if the major power can garner VPs for having the 2/3 majority (VP bonus is indicated in the Political and Religious Objectives Table and VP Awards). The minor state may, at this point, be viewed as a tributary state. Additionally, the major power earns the right to submit a 0-value bribe during the movement phase.

Penalties Concerning Political Status of Minor States

If the political status is SEGREGATED, any major power may attack and occupy the state without penalty.

If the political status is NEUTRAL, any major power that attacks and occupies the state will suffer a penalty of -5 VPs.

If the political status is ALIGNED, the major power (to which the minor state is aligned to) that attacks and occupies the state will suffer a penalty of -11 VPs.

Penalties Concerning Religious Status of Minor States

(Note: The following rules apply only with the minor states. For example: If France should attack the Spanish Netherlands, a situation where a catholic power attacks a catholic-held territory, France will not be penalized.)

If the religious status is UNAFFECTED, any major power may attack and occupy the state without penalty.

If the religious status is DUALITY, any major power that attacks and occupies the state will suffer a penalty of -3 VPs.

If the religious status is CONTROLLED, any major power with the same religion that attacks and occupies the state will suffer a penalty of -9 VPs.

Penalties are cumulative.

Consequences Of When A Major Power Attacks And Occupies A Minor State

If a major power attacks and occupies a minor state, and this is the first occurrence of occupation by a major power with change in ownership at the build phase, no other major power may place INFs in that state during the coming political and religious influence phase. Diplomatic attacks are still allowed by all powers, but the owning power is exclusively allowed to place INFs in the state. Any other power that has a major stake of INFs in the minor state loses the benefit of collecting supply points from the state during the taxation/revenue phase. However, the power may still garner bonus VPs from the political and religious status at the end of the game.

If an opposing religion has control of the minor state, the major power that now owns the minor state will be unable to build on the site until religious status is changed to DUALITY. If the minor state is ALIGNED with another power, the supply center output is reduced to 1/3 its normal production of supply points until the status can be changed to NEUTRAL. For the given situations above the minor state is considered to be in REVOLT. (Revolting states will be marked on the map.)

If a major power holds political control over a minor state (minor state is ALIGNED) and an opposing power attacks and occupies the minor state before a build phase, the minor state is then marked as CONTESTED. The major power, which holds political control (or any other major power), may recapture the minor state without penalty. This may be thought of as a campaign of liberation from a foreign power and hence penalties are not applied. Should the minor state be left unoccupied during a build phase, a new unit is built. This is contingent on the fact that the minor state has not changed ownership. Once a unit is in place, rules regarding assessed penalties due to the religious and political status of the minor state become effective immediately.

How Victory Points Are Acquired Based On The Status Of The Minor States

Victory points are awarded at the end of the game depending the political and religious situation of the minor states as shown in the Political and Religious Objectives Table and VP Awards.

Political and Religious Objectives Table and VP Awards

Catholic Powers Protestant Powers Abbreviation France Austria Spain England Denmark/Sweden

WUR A=5 C=5/A=7 C=3/A=5 A=7 C=5 BAV --- C=9/A=9 A=5 A=9 C=9/A=7 BOS --- C=5/A=3 --- --- --- BRA --- C=3 --- C=7/A=5 C=7/A=5 DAN --- --- --- C=5/A=5 A=3 HES A=5 C=7/A=7 --- A=5 C=5 IRE --- --- --- C=9/A=3 --- LOR C=7/A=9 A=5 A=7 --- C=5 LUN --- C=3 --- A=3 C=5/A=3 MEC --- C=3 --- C=5/A=5 C=9/A=7 POS --- C=3/A=3 --- --- C=5/A=3 PRU --- C=5 --- C=3/A=7 C=5/A=7 RHI C=5/A=5 C=5/A=7 C=5/A=7 A=5 C=7/A=7 SAV C=5/A=7 A=5 A=9 --- C=3 SAX A=5 C=7/A=7 A=3 A=7 C=7/A=7 SWI --- C=3/A=3 --- --- C=5/A=3 TRA --- C=7/A=5 --- A=3 C=7/A=5 TUS A=3 --- A=9 --- --- UNI C=5/A=7 --- C=7/A=9 C=5/A=3 --- VEN A=5 A=5 A=7 --- --- WES C=3/A=3 C=5/A=7 --- C=5/A=3 C=5/A=3 C= Catholic or Protestant controlled A= ALIGNED to the major power

Example: If at the end of the game Saxony is Catholic controlled and aligned to Austria, then Austria can garner 7 VPs for the religious status and 7 VPs for the political alignment.

Note: Although Posen (POS) and Switzerland (SWI) do not have supply centers, political and religious control are important for Austria and Denmark/Sweden.

Example of How the INFs Are Used

Just as much discussion and negotiating can go into the placement of the INFs as with discussing unit movement in standard diplomacy. An example of how the INFs are used: (1) France begins with 11 INFs. After discussing with, say, England, it is decided that both France and England will put INFs in Mecklenburg to stem the influence of Denmark. Denmark needs influence in Mecklenburg (MEC) to achieve bonus VPs. France decides to deploy 2 factors in MEC. (2) An alliance with Hesse (HES) would garner 5 VPs at the end of the game. France decides to deploy 4 factors there. (3) Another important investment would be in the Lorraine (LOR). An alliance would garner 9 points and catholic control, 7 points. France decides to deploy the remaining 5 INFs in LOR. (4) The deployment list is then submitted to the GM. After each player submits their list of minor powers to affect and the points to distribute, the GM publishes the lists. France discovers that England has not honored the agreement and has not placed INFs in MEC. France also finds that Austria has deployed 4 INFs to HES. Spain has placed 5 INFs in HES as well. France, Spain and Austria now are contesting influence in HES. However, Austria placed 5 INFs in France's home box, which gains diplomatic immunity. France has no INFs in its home box, so is unable to counter the diplomatic immunity. France therefore decides to combat Spanish influence in HES. (5) France submits the order to the GM to perform a diplomatic attack against Spanish INFs in HES (it is listed first on the list of prioritized attacks). The ratio of French INFs to Spanish INFs is 4-to-5, yet rounded is about 1-to-1. As the order of attacks begins with Spain, however, Spain has other concerns and did not submit an order for a diplomatic attack on France (or the order is listed low on the list of prioritized attacks). France submitted an order to attack Spain. (Had Spain attacked and won, France would lose the opportunity to attack unless French INFs still remain. The GM would then consult the French list for the next listed diplomatic attack.) France cannot attack Austria due to the diplomatic immunity. GM rolls 3 six-sided dice, and gets 12. GM then consults the Attack Table. For a roll of 12 there's an exchange. France loses all of its INFs and Spain loses 4. France, although not entirely successful, has reduced Spain's influence in HES at the expense of 4 INFs. France has no political influence over HES at this point, and the combined INFs of 5 between Spain and Austria, means Catholics are not controlling HES, presently, and the minor state is therefore marked as UNAFFECTED. Neither Spain nor Austria have the minimum of 5 INFs to gain the allegiance of HES. (6) No other INFs were placed in LOR, but France needs minimally 5 INFs for political control and has it. LOR is then marked as ALIGNED towards France. LOR is also marked as UNAFFECTED for religious status. France has the allegiance of LOR and the benefits of collecting supply points and submitting 0-valued bribes. Next year, France receives 15 INFs to distribute, and must consider and maintain its influence over LOR to garner VPs in the end. Additionally, France will want to place INFs in its home box to challenge Austrian diplomatic immunity.

A Brief Discussion Of Ideas Presented

The religious and political situations that are established by the placing of INFs in the minor states allow players to consider whether a military approach is suitable or necessary or needs to be timed. As an example, Austria has an invested interest in the Rhineland-Palatinate (RHI) both politically and religiously as shown in the objectives table. If by the end of the game RHI is under catholic control, and Austria has INFs present in RHI, then Austria can garner an additional 5 VPs. If RHI is aligned with Austria then Austria would also garner another 7 VPs for a total of 12 VPs. This is a considerable bonus to Austria should this criteria be met. However, attempts by the protestant powers (England and Denmark/Sweden), for example, to curtail this situation during the game could fail for whatever reasons. The protestant powers may seek a compromise with France, and, although France benefits from a catholic controlled RHI (+5 VPs), France may consider diplomatic attacks against Austrian influence in the RHI. Essentially, France would be helping the protestant cause by reducing the catholic influence and thus stemming Austria’s potential gains from a catholic controlled RHI and a possible end-game victory. If Austria sees no means of maintaining a catholic influence or political influence in RHI then a military approach should be considered. However, allowing the Protestants to take control in RHI before launching an attack, Austria would not be penalized since the opposing religious faction would control RHI (Austria would be avoiding the -9 penalty from attacking a catholic-controlled state). If successful in occupying and owning RHI, Austria may then consider employing all resources (INFs) to achieve catholic control of RHI and to satisfy the political/religious objectives (in addition to the gain of a supply center worth 9 VPs). So, the interplay of the political situation and military operations can establish a great deal of tension between players as negotiations and agreements are made to level the playing field.

4 SUBMISSIONS OF REFERENCE LISTS

Reference lists are submitted before the start of the taxation/revenue phase. A discussion of the Payola variant can be found at http://www.variantbank.org/results/rules/p/payolaclassic.htm. The reference list for the minor states is based on the following order: Austria, Denmark/Sweden, England, France, and Spain. For the Barbary States, the order is Spain, France, Austria, England, and Denmark/Sweden. For Ireland, the order is England, France, Spain, Denmark/Sweden, and Austria.

5 TAXATION/REVENUE PHASE

Each supply center on the board is represented by a symbol indicating a value (3, 9, or 15). This value is the supply points provided by the center. Basically, each supply point is equivalent to 1 point of currency to determine funds acquired during the tax/revenue phase; it sets the size of the treasury and activities throughout the year. At the start of the first year each power begins with the following funds:

Funds Available at the Start of the First Year

Number of supply centers: Supply Center Value Spain France Austria England Denmark/Sweden

3 5 5 4 2 1 9 3 2 2 3 3 15 1 1 1 1 1

Funds: 57 48 45 48 45

6 MOVEMENT PHASE

Players submit their offer sheet as describe at http://www.variantbank.org/results/rules/p/payolaclassic.htm. Players may submit bribes and orders as they see fit for their own units; however, submitting bribes and orders to foreign units is limited to only the HOLD, SUPPORT, or CONVOY orders. Players may not submit MOVE/ATTACK orders for foreign units, as these will be ignored. Additionally, a bribe must contain some payment for those submitted to foreign units otherwise the order is ignored. Exception to this rule: Austria may submit a 0-value bribe to any unit in a province within the Holy Roman Empire (HRE). A power may earn the right to submit a 0-value bribe and order to a unit, if the state is ALIGNED with the power.

Provinces within the HRE: Spanish Netherlands (SPA), Franche Comte (FRA), Milan (MIL), Holstein (HLS), and all minor states (grey provinces) with exception to Ireland (IRE), Venice (VEN), Danzig (DAN), Prussia (PRU), Bosnia (BOS), Transylvania (TRA), and the Barbary States (FEZ, ALG, and TUN).

Only Catholic powers can submit orders to the units in the Papal States.

Fleets can only move into or support a move into a coastal province that has a port (anchor). Fleets are allowed to convoy armies to any coastal province whether or not a port is present. Additionally, certain orders on fleets are deemed illegal based on the location of the port. The GM, prior to the first movement phase, will list these orders.

Units of minor states that are dislodged are immediately disbanded.

7 OWNERSHIP/BUILD/ADJUSTMENT PHASE

The player occupying a foreign supply center prior to the build phase may waive the change in ownership of the center. This may be arranged by the player (and communicated to the GM) to avoid depriving a center from an ally. Once the decision is made no reversal is allowed until the next build phase.

Each supply center available during the build phase provides the resources to field 1 army or 1 fleet (as in standard diplomacy) regardless of the value of the supply center. Players may build new units on any owned and unoccupied center with restrictions explained in section 3.

If a supply center of a minor state is unoccupied and has yet to change ownership, a new unit is built.

8 VICTORY POINTS ADJUSTMENT

Victory is measured by the accumulation of Victory Points (VPs) at completion of the game. Bonuses are received based on the religious/political situations and military operations. Penalties can be assessed based on certain operations as well. These changes are listed below:

Bonuses that affect all powers: (1) gain of a supply center beyond home centers= +1 per supply point gained; (2) loss of a home supply center= -1 per supply point lost.

Penalties associated with Catholic powers: Catholic power attacks/dislodges unit in a Papal state= -13.

Bonuses for protestant powers: (1) Protestant power that occupies and owns the Marches (Papal state) = +9; (2) Protestant power that occupies and owns Rome (Papal state) = +11.

Additional bonuses can be garnered at the end of the game for completed objectives. These objectives are listed in the Political and Religious Objectives Table and VP Awards.

HISTORICAL NOTES

(To be completed.)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

History, concepts, and rules adapted from: Standard Diplomacy by Allan Calhamer 1648 by Charles Feaux de le Croix Ambition and Empire by B. M. Powell and Jeff Kase Classic Payola by Manus Hand and John Woolley Formal Diplomacy by E. Sabatine and Edi Birsan Origins of World War 1 by Jim Dunnigan Origins of World War 2 by Jim Dunnigan and Thomas Shaw The Thirty Years War by C.V. Wedgwood